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Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Based on SSL technology, TLS incorporated many security enhancements and was eventually adopted as a replacement for SSL in most applications. Early versions of TLS supported downgrading communications to SSL v3. 0 when both parties did not support TLS. However, in 2011 TLS v1. 2 dropped this backward compatibility. As with SSL, TLS uses TCP port 443.
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A set of communications protocols that encompasses media access, packet transport, session communications, file transfer, electronic mail, terminal emulation, remote file access, and network management. TCP/IP provides the basis for the Internet. The structure of TCP/IP is as follows: Process layer clients: FTP, Telnet, SMTP, NFS, DNS; Transport layer service providers: TCP (FTP, Telnet, SMTP), UDP (NFS, DNS); Network layer: IP (TCP, UDP); and Access layer: Ethernet (IP), Token ring (IP).
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Private VLANs that are configured to use a dedicated or reserved uplink port. The members of a private VLAN or a port isolated VLAN can interact only with each other and over the predetermined exit port or uplink port. A common implementation of port isolation occurs in hotels.
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A mechanical, electrical, or electronic device that opens or closes circuits, completes or breaks an electrical path, or selects paths or circuits. A switch looks at incoming data to determine the destination address. Based on that address, a transmission path is set up through the switching matrix between the incoming and outgoing physical communications ports and links. A network device that is an intelligent hub because it knows the addresses of the systems connected on each outbound port. Instead of repeating traffic on every outbound port, a switch repeats only traffic out of the port on which the destination is known to exist. Switches offer greater efficiency for traffic delivery, create separate broadcast and collision domains, and improve the overall throughput of data.
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(1) An outlet, usually on the exterior of a computer system, that enables peripheral devices to be connected and interfaced with the computer. (2) A numeric value used by the TCP/IP protocol suite that identifies services and applications. For example, HTTP Internet traffic uses port 80. A connection address within a protocol.
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The basis for privacy best practices, both online and offline. The practices originated in the Privacy Act of 1974, the legislation that protects personal information collected and maintained by the U. S. Government. In 1980, these principles were adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and incorporated in its Guidelines for the Protection of Personal Data and Transborder Data Flows. They were adopted later in the EU Data Protection Directive of 1995, with modifications. The Fair Information Practices include notice, choice, access, onward transfer, security, data integrity, and remedy.
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